Causes Of Mental Retardation Essays - Rare Diseases,

Causes Of Mental Retardation Blake Zuckerman 3-25-00 Period 6 English Causes of Mental Retardation In order to be considered mentally retarded, you must have an IQ below 75, have significant limitations in two or more adaptive skill areas, and the condition is present from childhood (defined as age 18 or younger). People can be mentally retarded as all different levels. About 78% of mentally retarded people will only be a little slower than the average person, while in others it is very apparent (Arc of New Jersey). There are many causes of mental retardation. One cause of mental retardation is of genetic conditions. That includes; abnormal gene mixes from parents, errors when genes combine, overexposure to x-rays, and many more reasons. More than 500 genetic diseases are associated with mental retardation. Down Syndrome is an example of a chromosomal disorder (Mental Retardation Issues). Chromosomal disorders occur every once in a while, and are caused by too many or too few chromosomes in the restructure of the chromosomes (The Arc of New Jersey). Another cause is problems during pregnancy. It could happen if the mother drinks or does drugs while pregnant with the baby. Other risks include malnutrition, certain environmental contaminants, and the mother could get ill during the pregnancy. Pregnant women who are infected with HIV may pass it on to their child. Also very stressful and physical pregnancies and births can cause damage to a childs brain (Introduction to Mental Retardation). Mental Retardation also occurs frequently after birth. Childhood diseases such as big coughs, chicken pox, measles, and hip disease, which may lead to meningitis and encephalitis, can damage the brain, as can accidents such as being hit in the head, near drowning situations, and most other accidents involving the head. Another that can be harmful to a child mentally is environmental fumes, lead, mercury, and other dangerous toxins (Introduction to An American History of Mental Retardation). Bibliography Bibliography Introduction to An American History of Mental Retardation. 3-28-00. http://member.aol.com/MRandDD/introhx.htm. Introduction to Mental Retardation. 2-25-00. http://thearc.org/faqs/mrqa.html Mental Retardation Issues. 2-27-00. http://members.amaonline.com/nrogers/mr.htm The Arc of New Jersey. What is MR. 2-27-00. http://www.arcnj.org/html/what_is_mr.html Psychology Essays

Pacific Healthcare Organization Essays

Pacific Healthcare Organization Essays Pacific Healthcare Organization Paper Pacific Healthcare Organization Paper Bio-ethics can be described as a biological science that studies the degree of judgment concerning human actions and those other actions related to medicine. In the context of managed care, ethics is the examination of conflicts of values and rules representing conflicting interest each presenting their reasonable position (Edwards Graber 1988). The health care industry consists of a variety of organizations providing healthcare to a vast majority of people. It is among the largest industries in the United States of America. Healthcare providers on the other hand consist of clinicians and non-clinician personnel providing the medical services and are identified to be the main figures in the healthcare industry. Bioethical issues in the Healthcare Industry Just like many other countries of the world, the American citizens face a number of bio-ethical issues namely: physician assisted suicide, abortion, cloning, racial barriers to access health, and disparities in medical treatment as a result of racial discrimination just to mention. This has resulted into distrust and fear of abuse and mistreatment amongst the citizens especially patients. In my discussion, I have selected the pacific healthcare organization, Inc, (PHCO) of the United States of America. This organization consists of networks of medical providers throughout the USA, and it consists thousands of healthcare providers. The bio-ethical issues of concern to the healthcare providers of the above organization that I am going to discuss include: the issue of physician addicted suicide, abortion, cloning, inaccessibility to healthcare facilities and disparities in medical treatment as a result of racial discrimination. It is of great concern that the above organization looks into these bio-ethical issues with urgency. Cloning is a bio-ethical issue that has sparked a lot of controversies around the world resulting into mass demonstrations as there are mixed reactions, some supporting it while others opposing. It can be well remembered that on February 23, 1997, a Scottish scientist Ian Wilmut from Raslin Institute and PPL therapeutics declared that they had cloned a lamb from an adult sheep and named it Dolly. This created an outcry around the world some supporting while others questioning the degree of moral ethics involved (Tong, 2006). Physician assisted suicide (PAS) is another bio-ethical issue that continues to generate fury worldwide. Is it ethical to perform suicide? This is a debate issue that we normally experience today on the streets as well as watch in televisions. Physician assisted suicide as referred to those who support it is the right to die. In this case, patients who are terminally ill and other serious complications are administered drugs to end their own lives with their consent. A physician supplies the means of committing suicide either through prescription of a lethal dose of sleeping pills or supplies carbon-monoxide gas so that the persons can end their own lives. However, the media has reported several cases concerning patients who have been killed against their will. The more recent case occurred in a German count on June 30, 2007 where a nurse was jailed for life over five murders at a major Berlin hospital where she worked. Whether assisted suicide is ethical or immoral is still an issue of argument and both sides have been able to give their justified reasons. Abortion on the other hand is also an issue of concern. Abortion involves the removal of a fetus from the womb of its mother before maturity hence killing the fetus. Initially abortion was prescribed for only those patients with major complications, for instance when a mother’s health is at risk such that only one life can be saved, either that of the mother or the baby. Abortion is illegal if at all a person undertakes it with no justifiable reasons. It is therefore important that physicians of this organization do not break their code of ethics by performing abortion illegally. Pacific Healthcare Organization, Inc. (PHCO) should also look into the bio-ethical issue of racial barriers in accessing health facilities and services that are experienced by a number of patients in America. Everybody has their right to access medical health and hence it is against morality to prejudice people according to the colour of their skin. This also applies to disparities in medical treatment as a result of racial discrimination that is often experienced in some healthcare facilities. To resolve bio-ethical issues discussed above, the persons concerned in the healthcare professions should take time and looked deeply into the matter and find out ways that could improve its services and delivery to the community. A code of ethics needs to be set up and the healthcare providers need to strictly adhere to the rules and obligations required. It is also vital that a health plan is drafted in order to lessen competing corporate and other medical obligation by establishing ethical rules and guidelines. These guidelines should be able to intervene these conflicting interests. By setting up a code of ethics in the organization, medical practitioners will be accountable and service delivery will be improved. They will also be able to carry out their duties as professionals. References Edwards, B. Graber, C. (1988). Bio-ethics. Wadsworth Publishing, ISBN 978-0155054202. Tong, R. , (2006). New Perspectives in Healthcare Ethics: An Interdisciplinary and Cross Cultural Approach. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-030613479.

Consumer website Analysis and Evaluation Project Essay

Consumer website Analysis and Evaluation Project - Essay Example The distinctive position created by the website is that of belonging. The website is an Inferno fans page. It is meant to provide Little Inferno Entertainment Fireplace fans with a place to share their experiences and develop more fun. It gives an image of trust, fun, belongingness, identity, and unique community. The name of the website suggests its relationship to the product, but does not sell the idea to those consumers who know nothing about the product. The website is an appreciation society which shows the level of trust the company assumes to have with its consumers, and belongingness it gives its consumers in relation to the product. There is also the link of Little Inferno Entertainment Fireplace fans page to Goofans page indicating some identity, and uniqueness, that is, in ‘Tomorrow Corporation’, there is a corporate portfolio; a common practice of developing an appreciation society for their consumers (Inferno Fans Page). The brand image has also been establ ished using the name of the product, the use of a celebrity’s name, and its target market. The name of the product, ‘Little Inferno Entertainment Fireplace’, has been used to create the fan page, that is, ‘Inferno fans’. ... Little inferno is an indie game and has several competitors including other forms of video games. Examples include; auditorium duet, journey, Alpha trailer, Kentucky Route Zero, Cart Life, Faster Than Light, Zineth, and Hotline Miami (UBM Tech). Little inferno is however, different from other video games based on its principle, and what it is meant to achieve. The developers thought that the pattern of recognition found in most indie games was terrible, and thought of a different idea, where a genuinely great game and a terrifying plot would be underneath the interactive screensavers. It is from this that the virtual fire place was developed. The game was intended to give consumers some heart-warming experience. It is also different because of its simplicity. Other game mechanics are complex and considered terrible (Tach). Leake, Vaccarello and Ginty, note that the most important functions of a brand are to increase information efficiency, create value added benefits, and reduce risk s (18). The brand image created by the website communicates only to the fans of the product, but not to any new consumer who may be interested. There are symbols of fun showing its intent, but there are no welcome images communicated to other people who may wish to join the community or experience what the game offers. Content How the company updates its marketing mix: There is no evidence of any updates on marketing mix, but features show a customizable update system. The website is designed with a ‘News’ section which is used to inform the products consumers of new programs, new applications, new developments, and any changes related to the product. The forum